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  1. Home
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  3. Business & Entrepreneurship

Business & Entrepreneurship

Regardless of the industry, every company needs people to account for finances, manage personnel, and sell products. Persons trained in sectors such as business, management, marketing, sales, and financial services (e.g., accounting, banking, investing) will find that their skills are highly marketable. Individuals interested in running their own businesses must master financial literacy and develop skills in mathematics, organization, time management, customer service, and communication. Within this sector, professionals are responsible for maximizing the experiences of customers, generating digital sales and traffic, managing personnel, and developing brands and products. Advances in technology, as well as market globalization and the expansion of banking and investment institutions around the world, will continue to create exciting and challenging career opportunities in this sector for the foreseeable future.

Top Jobs ↓ Top Employers & Skills ↓ Browse Programs →

View data from:

Region
150,124
Total Employment (2025)
15,002
Total Annual Openings
$38.36
Median Hourly Wage

Jobs with Community College Programs

How much will I make per hour?

What can I train for? Job openings per year Entry-level Median Experienced Programs
Advertising Sales Agents 60 $23.38 $32.80 $45.40 View programs
Barbers 121 $9.13 $15.22 $22.55 View programs
Bill and Account Collectors 103 $20.83 $24.73 $30.11 View programs
Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks 1,661 $23.16 $28.07 $33.97 View programs
Brokerage Clerks 48 $29.29 $35.72 $39.53 View programs
Buyers and Purchasing Agents 496 $31.49 $39.62 $51.83 View programs
Communications Equipment Operators, All Other 51 $34.07 $43.24 $55.20 View programs
Cost Estimators 227 $31.80 $41.83 $57.12 View programs
Customer Service Representatives 1,986 $20.89 $23.36 $28.97 View programs
Data Entry Keyers 120 $18.73 $20.96 $23.81 View programs
Executive Secretaries and Executive Administrative Assistants 498 $32.76 $40.57 $48.70 View programs
First-Line Supervisors of Office and Administrative Support Workers 1,231 $29.59 $36.46 $44.41 View programs
General and Operations Managers 2,380 $37.23 $57.13 $84.98 View programs
Hairdressers, Hairstylists, and Cosmetologists 891 $16.72 $17.90 $25.58 View programs
Human Resources Assistants, Except Payroll and Timekeeping 157 $23.24 $26.84 $30.07 View programs
Insurance Claims and Policy Processing Clerks 233 $22.95 $24.66 $30.37 View programs
Legal Secretaries and Administrative Assistants 467 $27.12 $29.70 $38.03 View programs
Loan Interviewers and Clerks 81 $22.58 $27.70 $30.40 View programs
Manicurists and Pedicurists 637 $17.11 $17.53 $22.50 View programs
Order Clerks 90 $20.15 $22.71 $27.39 View programs
Paralegals and Legal Assistants 557 $28.07 $36.38 $47.22 View programs
Parts Salespersons 235 $17.89 $21.54 $26.57 View programs
Payroll and Timekeeping Clerks 207 $24.27 $30.61 $37.12 View programs
Procurement Clerks 62 $23.10 $27.43 $30.66 View programs
Property, Real Estate, and Community Association Managers 565 $24.76 $36.76 $50.51 View programs
Real Estate Brokers 271 $38.68 $38.89 $65.41 View programs
Real Estate Sales Agents 423 $20.06 $31.57 $54.30 View programs
Sales and Related Workers, All Other 294 $19.42 $22.67 $32.97 View programs
Sales Representatives of Services, Except Advertising, Insurance, Financial Services, and Travel 1,222 $22.54 $35.66 $50.37 View programs
Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Except Technical and Scientific Products 842 $26.18 $36.18 $50.71 View programs
Secretaries and Administrative Assistants, Except Legal, Medical, and Executive 1,656 $22.17 $26.49 $30.80 View programs
Skincare Specialists 252 $17.36 $18.21 $25.90 View programs
Tax Preparers 125 $20.31 $32.39 $41.65 View programs
Tellers 205 $22.18 $22.86 $23.56 View programs

Advertising Sales Agents

Job openings per year:

60

How much will I make?

  • Entry-level: $23.38/hr.
  • Median: $32.80/hr.
  • Experienced: $45.40/hr.

View programs

Barbers

Job openings per year:

121

How much will I make?

  • Entry-level: $9.13/hr.
  • Median: $15.22/hr.
  • Experienced: $22.55/hr.

View programs

Bill and Account Collectors

Job openings per year:

103

How much will I make?

  • Entry-level: $20.83/hr.
  • Median: $24.73/hr.
  • Experienced: $30.11/hr.

View programs

Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks

Job openings per year:

1,661

How much will I make?

  • Entry-level: $23.16/hr.
  • Median: $28.07/hr.
  • Experienced: $33.97/hr.

View programs

Brokerage Clerks

Job openings per year:

48

How much will I make?

  • Entry-level: $29.29/hr.
  • Median: $35.72/hr.
  • Experienced: $39.53/hr.

View programs

Buyers and Purchasing Agents

Job openings per year:

496

How much will I make?

  • Entry-level: $31.49/hr.
  • Median: $39.62/hr.
  • Experienced: $51.83/hr.

View programs

Communications Equipment Operators, All Other

Job openings per year:

51

How much will I make?

  • Entry-level: $34.07/hr.
  • Median: $43.24/hr.
  • Experienced: $55.20/hr.

View programs

Cost Estimators

Job openings per year:

227

How much will I make?

  • Entry-level: $31.80/hr.
  • Median: $41.83/hr.
  • Experienced: $57.12/hr.

View programs

Customer Service Representatives

Job openings per year:

1,986

How much will I make?

  • Entry-level: $20.89/hr.
  • Median: $23.36/hr.
  • Experienced: $28.97/hr.

View programs

Data Entry Keyers

Job openings per year:

120

How much will I make?

  • Entry-level: $18.73/hr.
  • Median: $20.96/hr.
  • Experienced: $23.81/hr.

View programs

Executive Secretaries and Executive Administrative Assistants

Job openings per year:

498

How much will I make?

  • Entry-level: $32.76/hr.
  • Median: $40.57/hr.
  • Experienced: $48.70/hr.

View programs

First-Line Supervisors of Office and Administrative Support Workers

Job openings per year:

1,231

How much will I make?

  • Entry-level: $29.59/hr.
  • Median: $36.46/hr.
  • Experienced: $44.41/hr.

View programs

General and Operations Managers

Job openings per year:

2,380

How much will I make?

  • Entry-level: $37.23/hr.
  • Median: $57.13/hr.
  • Experienced: $84.98/hr.

View programs

Hairdressers, Hairstylists, and Cosmetologists

Job openings per year:

891

How much will I make?

  • Entry-level: $16.72/hr.
  • Median: $17.90/hr.
  • Experienced: $25.58/hr.

View programs

Human Resources Assistants, Except Payroll and Timekeeping

Job openings per year:

157

How much will I make?

  • Entry-level: $23.24/hr.
  • Median: $26.84/hr.
  • Experienced: $30.07/hr.

View programs

Insurance Claims and Policy Processing Clerks

Job openings per year:

233

How much will I make?

  • Entry-level: $22.95/hr.
  • Median: $24.66/hr.
  • Experienced: $30.37/hr.

View programs

Legal Secretaries and Administrative Assistants

Job openings per year:

467

How much will I make?

  • Entry-level: $27.12/hr.
  • Median: $29.70/hr.
  • Experienced: $38.03/hr.

View programs

Loan Interviewers and Clerks

Job openings per year:

81

How much will I make?

  • Entry-level: $22.58/hr.
  • Median: $27.70/hr.
  • Experienced: $30.40/hr.

View programs

Manicurists and Pedicurists

Job openings per year:

637

How much will I make?

  • Entry-level: $17.11/hr.
  • Median: $17.53/hr.
  • Experienced: $22.50/hr.

View programs

Order Clerks

Job openings per year:

90

How much will I make?

  • Entry-level: $20.15/hr.
  • Median: $22.71/hr.
  • Experienced: $27.39/hr.

View programs

Paralegals and Legal Assistants

Job openings per year:

557

How much will I make?

  • Entry-level: $28.07/hr.
  • Median: $36.38/hr.
  • Experienced: $47.22/hr.

View programs

Parts Salespersons

Job openings per year:

235

How much will I make?

  • Entry-level: $17.89/hr.
  • Median: $21.54/hr.
  • Experienced: $26.57/hr.

View programs

Payroll and Timekeeping Clerks

Job openings per year:

207

How much will I make?

  • Entry-level: $24.27/hr.
  • Median: $30.61/hr.
  • Experienced: $37.12/hr.

View programs

Procurement Clerks

Job openings per year:

62

How much will I make?

  • Entry-level: $23.10/hr.
  • Median: $27.43/hr.
  • Experienced: $30.66/hr.

View programs

Property, Real Estate, and Community Association Managers

Job openings per year:

565

How much will I make?

  • Entry-level: $24.76/hr.
  • Median: $36.76/hr.
  • Experienced: $50.51/hr.

View programs

Real Estate Brokers

Job openings per year:

271

How much will I make?

  • Entry-level: $38.68/hr.
  • Median: $38.89/hr.
  • Experienced: $65.41/hr.

View programs

Real Estate Sales Agents

Job openings per year:

423

How much will I make?

  • Entry-level: $20.06/hr.
  • Median: $31.57/hr.
  • Experienced: $54.30/hr.

View programs

Sales and Related Workers, All Other

Job openings per year:

294

How much will I make?

  • Entry-level: $19.42/hr.
  • Median: $22.67/hr.
  • Experienced: $32.97/hr.

View programs

Sales Representatives of Services, Except Advertising, Insurance, Financial Services, and Travel

Job openings per year:

1,222

How much will I make?

  • Entry-level: $22.54/hr.
  • Median: $35.66/hr.
  • Experienced: $50.37/hr.

View programs

Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Except Technical and Scientific Products

Job openings per year:

842

How much will I make?

  • Entry-level: $26.18/hr.
  • Median: $36.18/hr.
  • Experienced: $50.71/hr.

View programs

Secretaries and Administrative Assistants, Except Legal, Medical, and Executive

Job openings per year:

1,656

How much will I make?

  • Entry-level: $22.17/hr.
  • Median: $26.49/hr.
  • Experienced: $30.80/hr.

View programs

Skincare Specialists

Job openings per year:

252

How much will I make?

  • Entry-level: $17.36/hr.
  • Median: $18.21/hr.
  • Experienced: $25.90/hr.

View programs

Tax Preparers

Job openings per year:

125

How much will I make?

  • Entry-level: $20.31/hr.
  • Median: $32.39/hr.
  • Experienced: $41.65/hr.

View programs

Tellers

Job openings per year:

205

How much will I make?

  • Entry-level: $22.18/hr.
  • Median: $22.86/hr.
  • Experienced: $23.56/hr.

View programs

Top Employers & Skills

Employers

  • University of California
  • Intuit
  • Wells Fargo
  • Great Clips
  • Greystar
  • General Atomics
  • University of California-San Diego
  • Northrop Grumman
  • San Diego State University
  • ConAm Management

Specialized skills

  • Marketing
  • Accounting
  • Invoicing
  • Auditing
  • Project Management
  • Administrative Support
  • Customer Relationship Management
  • Finance
  • Sales Prospecting
  • Data Entry

Technology & software skills

  • Microsoft Excel
  • Microsoft Office
  • Microsoft Outlook
  • Microsoft PowerPoint
  • Microsoft Word
  • Spreadsheets
  • Salesforce
  • QuickBooks (Accounting Software)
  • Yardi (Property Management Software)
  • Accounting Software

Employability skills

  • Communication
  • Customer Service
  • Management
  • Sales
  • Operations
  • Detail Oriented
  • Leadership
  • Problem Solving
  • Organizational Skills
  • Multitasking

Sources: Lightcast 2026.3. Compiled by the San Diego & Imperial Center of Excellence for Labor Market Research.

Advertising Sales Agents

Sell or solicit advertising space, time, or media in publications, signage, TV, radio, or Internet establishments or public spaces.

Sample of reported job titles:

Advertising Account Representative, Advertising Consultant, Advertising Representative, Advertising Sales Representative (Ad Sales Representative), Sales Representative

Tasks:

  • Prepare and deliver sales presentations to new and existing customers to sell new advertising programs and to protect and increase existing advertising.
  • Maintain assigned account bases while developing new accounts.
  • Provide clients with estimates of the costs of advertising products or services.
  • Locate and contact potential clients to offer advertising services.
  • Explain to customers how specific types of advertising will help promote their products or services in the most effective way possible.

Detailed Work Activities:

  • Develop content for sales presentations or other materials.
  • Deliver promotional presentations to current or prospective customers.
  • Identify potential customers.
  • Develop professional relationships or networks.
  • Estimate costs or terms of sales.

Work Context:

  • Telephone – 100% responded “Every day”
  • Electronic Mail – 100% responded “Every day”
  • Deal With External Customers – 92% responded “Extremely important”
  • Contact With Others – 82% responded “Constant contact with others”
  • Face-to-Face Discussions – 71% responded “Every day”
View more information on this job

Barbers

Provide barbering services, such as cutting, trimming, shampooing, and styling hair; trimming beards; or giving shaves.

Sample of reported job titles:

Barber, Barber Shop Operator, Barber Stylist, Stylist

Tasks:

  • Clean and sterilize scissors, combs, clippers, and other instruments.
  • Drape and pin protective cloths around customers’ shoulders.
  • Cut and trim hair according to clients’ instructions or current hairstyles, using clippers, combs, hand-held blow driers, and scissors.
  • Question patrons regarding desired services and haircut styles.
  • Clean work stations and sweep floors.

Detailed Work Activities:

  • Clean tools or equipment.
  • Apply protective coverings to objects or surfaces near work areas.
  • Trim client hair.
  • Discuss service options or needs with clients.
  • Clean facilities or work areas.

Work Context:

  • Spend Time Using Your Hands to Handle, Control, or Feel Objects, Tools, or Controls – 98% responded “Continually or almost continually”
  • Contact With Others – 82% responded “Constant contact with others”
  • Physical Proximity – 80% responded “Very close (near touching)”
  • Freedom to Make Decisions – 79% responded “A lot of freedom”
  • Spend Time Standing – 65% responded “Continually or almost continually”
View more information on this job

Bill and Account Collectors

Locate and notify customers of delinquent accounts by mail, telephone, or personal visit to solicit payment. Duties include receiving payment and posting amount to customer’s account, preparing statements to credit department if customer fails to respond, initiating repossession proceedings or service disconnection, and keeping records of collection and status of accounts.

Sample of reported job titles:

Account Representative, Accounts Receivable Specialist (AR Specialist), Collection Agent, Collection Specialist, Collector, Debt Collector, Patient Access Specialist, Patient Account Representative, Telephone Collector

Tasks:

  • Record information about financial status of customers and status of collection efforts.
  • Locate and notify customers of delinquent accounts by mail, telephone, or personal visits to solicit payment.
  • Locate and monitor overdue accounts, using computers and a variety of automated systems.
  • Arrange for debt repayment or establish repayment schedules, based on customers’ financial situations.
  • Advise customers of necessary actions and strategies for debt repayment.

Detailed Work Activities:

  • Maintain financial or account records.
  • Provide notifications to customers or patrons.
  • Monitor financial information.
  • Negotiate financial arrangements.
  • Discuss account status or activity with customers or patrons.

Work Context:

  • Contact With Others – 94% responded “Constant contact with others”
  • Indoors, Environmentally Controlled – 96% responded “Every day”
  • Spend Time Sitting – 64% responded “Continually or almost continually”
  • Deal With Unpleasant or Angry People – 78% responded “Every day”
  • Telephone – 80% responded “Every day”
View more information on this job

Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks

Compute, classify, and record numerical data to keep financial records complete. Perform any combination of routine calculating, posting, and verifying duties to obtain primary financial data for use in maintaining accounting records. May also check the accuracy of figures, calculations, and postings pertaining to business transactions recorded by other workers.

Sample of reported job titles:

Account Clerk, Accounting Assistant, Accounting Associate, Accounting Clerk, Accounting Specialist, Accounting Technician, Accounts Payable Clerk, Accounts Payable Specialist, Accounts Payables Clerk, Accounts Receivable Clerk

Tasks:

  • Operate computers programmed with accounting software to record, store, and analyze information.
  • Prepare and process payroll information.
  • Check figures, postings, and documents for correct entry, mathematical accuracy, and proper codes.
  • Prepare bank deposits by compiling data from cashiers, verifying and balancing receipts, and sending cash, checks, or other forms of payment to banks.
  • Comply with federal, state, and company policies, procedures, and regulations.

Detailed Work Activities:

  • Operate computers or computerized equipment.
  • Execute sales or other financial transactions.
  • Verify accuracy of financial or transactional data.
  • Compile data or documentation.
  • Prepare cash for deposit or disbursement.

Work Context:

  • Electronic Mail – 94% responded “Every day”
  • Indoors, Environmentally Controlled – 95% responded “Every day”
  • Telephone – 86% responded “Every day”
  • Importance of Being Exact or Accurate – 81% responded “Extremely important”
  • Importance of Repeating Same Tasks – 68% responded “Extremely important”
View more information on this job

Brokerage Clerks

Perform duties related to the purchase, sale, or holding of securities. Duties include writing orders for stock purchases or sales, computing transfer taxes, verifying stock transactions, accepting and delivering securities, tracking stock price fluctuations, computing equity, distributing dividends, and keeping records of daily transactions and holdings.

Sample of reported job titles:

Account Administrator, Client Associate, Client Service Associate, Operations Clerk, Operations Coordinator, Registered Account Administrator, Registered Sales Assistant, Sales Assistant, Sales Trader, Trading Assistant

Tasks:

  • Correspond with customers and confer with coworkers to answer inquiries, discuss market fluctuations, or resolve account problems.
  • Document security transactions, such as purchases, sales, conversions, redemptions, or payments, using computers, accounting ledgers, or certificate records.
  • File, type, or operate standard office machines.
  • Schedule and coordinate transfer and delivery of security certificates between companies, departments, and customers.
  • Monitor daily stock prices and compute fluctuations to determine the need for additional collateral to secure loans.

Detailed Work Activities:

  • Confer with coworkers to coordinate work activities.
  • Respond to customer problems or complaints.
  • Prepare documentation for contracts, transactions, or regulatory compliance.
  • File documents or records.
  • Schedule operational activities.

Work Context:

  • Telephone – 100% responded “Every day”
  • Electronic Mail – 100% responded “Every day”
  • Contact With Others – 84% responded “Constant contact with others”
  • Importance of Being Exact or Accurate – 73% responded “Extremely important”
  • Face-to-Face Discussions – 67% responded “Every day”
View more information on this job

Buyers and Purchasing Agents

Buyers and Purchasing Agents, Farm Products: Purchase farm products either for further processing or resale. Includes tree farm contractors, grain brokers and market operators, grain buyers, and tobacco buyers. May negotiate contracts. Wholesale and Retail Buyers, Except Farm Products: Buy merchandise or commodities, other than farm products, for resale to consumers at the wholesale or retail level, including both durable and nondurable goods. Analyze past buying trends, sales records, price, and quality of merchandise to determine value and yield. Select, order, and authorize payment for merchandise according to contractual agreements. May conduct meetings with sales personnel and introduce new products. May negotiate contracts. Includes assistant wholesale and retail buyers of nonfarm products. Purchasing Agents, Except Wholesale, Retail, and Farm Products: Purchase machinery, equipment, tools, parts, supplies, or services necessary for the operation of an establishment. Purchase raw or semifinished materials for manufacturing. May negotiate contracts.

Sample of reported job titles:

Buyer, Grain Buyer, Grocery Buyer, Procurement Official, Grain Merchandiser, Procurement Specialist, Grain Origination Specialist, Purchaser, Purchasing Administrator, Purchasing Agent

Tasks:

  • Buy merchandise or commodities for resale to wholesale or retail consumers.
  • Monitor and follow applicable laws and regulations.
  • Prepare purchase orders, solicit bid proposals, and review requisitions for goods and services.
  • Negotiate, renegotiate, and administer contracts with suppliers, vendors, and other representatives.
  • Purchase the highest quality merchandise at the lowest possible price and in correct amounts.

Detailed Work Activities:

  • Purchase stocks of merchandise or supplies.
  • Evaluate applicable laws and regulations to determine impact on organizational activities.
  • Execute sales or other financial transactions.
  • Purchase products or services.
  • Negotiate contracts with clients or service providers.

Work Context:

  • Telephone – 99% responded “Every day”
  • Electronic Mail – 97% responded “Every day”
  • Face-to-Face Discussions – 88% responded “Every day”
  • Contact With Others – 75% responded “Constant contact with others”
  • Structured versus Unstructured Work – 59% responded “A lot of freedom”
View more information on this job

Communications Equipment Operators, All Other

All communications equipment operators not listed separately.

View more information on this job

Cost Estimators

Prepare cost estimates for product manufacturing, construction projects, or services to aid management in bidding on or determining price of product or service. May specialize according to particular service performed or type of product manufactured.

Sample of reported job titles:

Acquisition Cost Estimator, Analyst, Construction Estimator, Cost Analyst, Cost Consultant, Cost Engineer, Cost Estimating Analyst, Cost Estimator, Estimating Specialist, Estimator

Tasks:

  • Analyze blueprints and other documentation to prepare time, cost, materials, and labor estimates.
  • Confer with engineers, architects, owners, contractors, and subcontractors on changes and adjustments to cost estimates.
  • Collect historical cost data to estimate costs for current or future products.
  • Assess cost effectiveness of products, projects or services, tracking actual costs relative to bids as the project develops.
  • Consult with clients, vendors, personnel in other departments, or construction foremen to discuss and formulate estimates and resolve issues.

Detailed Work Activities:

  • Estimate costs of goods or services.
  • Confer with others about financial matters.
  • Analyze business or financial data.
  • Monitor financial indicators.
  • Assess the cost effectiveness of products, projects, or services.

Work Context:

  • Electronic Mail – 100% responded “Every day”
  • Telephone – 80% responded “Every day”
  • Spend Time Sitting – 64% responded “Continually or almost continually”
  • Face-to-Face Discussions – 50% responded “Every day”
  • Indoors, Environmentally Controlled – 65% responded “Every day”
View more information on this job

Customer Service Representatives

Interact with customers to provide basic or scripted information in response to routine inquiries about products and services. May handle and resolve general complaints. Excludes individuals whose duties are primarily installation, sales, repair, and technical support.

Sample of reported job titles:

Account Representative, Call Center Representative, Client Services Representative, Customer Care Representative (CCR), Customer Service Agent, Customer Service Representative (CSR), Customer Service Specialist, Customer Support Representative (Customer Support Rep), Guest Service Agent, Member Services Representative (Member Services Rep)

Tasks:

  • Confer with customers by telephone or in person to provide information about products or services, take or enter orders, cancel accounts, or obtain details of complaints.
  • Keep records of customer interactions or transactions, recording details of inquiries, complaints, or comments, as well as actions taken.
  • Check to ensure that appropriate changes were made to resolve customers’ problems.
  • Contact customers to respond to inquiries or to notify them of claim investigation results or any planned adjustments.
  • Resolve customers’ service or billing complaints by performing activities such as exchanging merchandise, refunding money, or adjusting bills.

Detailed Work Activities:

  • Discuss goods or services information with customers or patrons.
  • Maintain financial or account records.
  • Respond to customer problems or complaints.
  • Provide notifications to customers or patrons.
  • Execute sales or other financial transactions.

Work Context:

  • Telephone – 100% responded “Every day”
  • Contact With Others – 85% responded “Constant contact with others”
  • Indoors, Environmentally Controlled – 94% responded “Every day”
  • Deal With External Customers – 82% responded “Extremely important”
  • Time Pressure – 73% responded “Every day”
View more information on this job

Data Entry Keyers

Operate data entry device, such as keyboard or photo composing perforator. Duties may include verifying data and preparing materials for printing.

Sample of reported job titles:

Data Capture Specialist, Data Entry Clerk, Data Entry Machine Operator, Data Entry Operator, Data Entry Specialist, Data Transcriber, Records Clerk, Underwriting Support Specialist

Tasks:

  • Locate and correct data entry errors, or report them to supervisors.
  • Compile, sort, and verify the accuracy of data before it is entered.
  • Compare data with source documents, or re-enter data in verification format to detect errors.
  • Read source documents such as canceled checks, sales reports, or bills, and enter data in specific data fields or onto tapes or disks for subsequent entry, using keyboards or scanners.
  • Store completed documents in appropriate locations.

Detailed Work Activities:

  • Check data for recording errors.
  • Provide information to coworkers.
  • Compile data or documentation.
  • Verify accuracy of financial or transactional data.
  • Enter information into databases or software programs.

Work Context:

  • Spend Time Sitting – 93% responded “Continually or almost continually”
  • Importance of Being Exact or Accurate – 88% responded “Extremely important”
  • Importance of Repeating Same Tasks – 84% responded “Extremely important”
  • Spend Time Making Repetitive Motions – 85% responded “Continually or almost continually”
  • Freedom to Make Decisions – 66% responded “A lot of freedom”
View more information on this job

Executive Secretaries and Executive Administrative Assistants

Provide high-level administrative support by conducting research, preparing statistical reports, and handling information requests, as well as performing routine administrative functions such as preparing correspondence, receiving visitors, arranging conference calls, and scheduling meetings. May also train and supervise lower-level clerical staff.

Sample of reported job titles:

Administrative Aide, Administrative Assistant, Administrative Associate, Administrative Coordinator, Administrative Secretary, Administrative Specialist, Executive Administrative Assistant, Executive Assistant, Executive Secretary, Office Assistant

Tasks:

  • Manage and maintain executives’ schedules.
  • Process payroll information.
  • Make travel arrangements for executives.
  • Prepare invoices, reports, memos, letters, financial statements, and other documents, using word processing, spreadsheet, database, or presentation software.
  • Coordinate and direct office services, such as records, departmental finances, budget preparation, personnel issues, and housekeeping, to aid executives.

Detailed Work Activities:

  • Schedule operational activities.
  • Execute sales or other financial transactions.
  • Make travel, accommodations, or entertainment arrangements for others.
  • Prepare research or technical reports.
  • Maintain medical records.

Work Context:

  • Telephone – 99% responded “Every day”
  • Electronic Mail – 97% responded “Every day”
  • Contact With Others – 80% responded “Constant contact with others”
  • Structured versus Unstructured Work – 73% responded “A lot of freedom”
  • Face-to-Face Discussions – 74% responded “Every day”
View more information on this job

First-Line Supervisors of Office and Administrative Support Workers

Directly supervise and coordinate the activities of clerical and administrative support workers.

Sample of reported job titles:

Accounting Manager, Accounts Payable Supervisor, Accounts Receivable Manager, Administrative Supervisor, Customer Service Manager, Customer Service Supervisor, Office Coordinator, Office Manager, Office Supervisor, Staff Services Manager

Tasks:

  • Supervise the work of office, administrative, or customer service employees to ensure adherence to quality standards, deadlines, and proper procedures, correcting errors or problems.
  • Resolve customer complaints or answer customers’ questions regarding policies and procedures.
  • Provide employees with guidance in handling difficult or complex problems or in resolving escalated complaints or disputes.
  • Review records or reports pertaining to activities such as production, payroll, or shipping to verify details, monitor work activities, or evaluate performance.
  • Discuss job performance problems with employees to identify causes and issues and to work on resolving problems.

Detailed Work Activities:

  • Supervise clerical or administrative personnel.
  • Explain regulations, policies, or procedures.
  • Respond to customer problems or complaints.
  • Train personnel.
  • Examine documents to verify adherence to requirements.

Work Context:

  • Telephone – 98% responded “Every day”
  • Face-to-Face Discussions – 96% responded “Every day”
  • Contact With Others – 74% responded “Constant contact with others”
  • Electronic Mail – 89% responded “Every day”
  • Work With Work Group or Team – 60% responded “Extremely important”
View more information on this job

General and Operations Managers

Plan, direct, or coordinate the operations of public or private sector organizations, overseeing multiple departments or locations. Duties and responsibilities include formulating policies, managing daily operations, and planning the use of materials and human resources, but are too diverse and general in nature to be classified in any one functional area of management or administration, such as personnel, purchasing, or administrative services. Usually manage through subordinate supervisors. Excludes First-Line Supervisors.

Sample of reported job titles:

Business Manager, Center Manager, Department Manager, District Manager, General Manager (GM), Operations Director, Operations General Manager (Operations GM), Operations Manager, Plant Superintendent, Store Manager

Tasks:

  • Review financial statements, sales or activity reports, or other performance data to measure productivity or goal achievement or to identify areas needing cost reduction or program improvement.
  • Direct and coordinate activities of businesses or departments concerned with the production, pricing, sales, or distribution of products.
  • Manage the movement of goods into and out of production facilities to ensure efficiency, effectiveness, or sustainability of operations.
  • Direct administrative activities directly related to making products or providing services.
  • Set prices or credit terms for goods or services, based on forecasts of customer demand.

Detailed Work Activities:

  • Analyze data to inform operational decisions or activities.
  • Analyze financial records to improve efficiency.
  • Direct sales, marketing, or customer service activities.
  • Direct organizational operations, projects, or services.
  • Determine pricing or monetary policies.

Work Context:

  • Frequency of Decision Making – 93% responded “Every day”
  • Electronic Mail – 88% responded “Every day”
  • Face-to-Face Discussions – 86% responded “Every day”
  • Freedom to Make Decisions – 86% responded “A lot of freedom”
  • Telephone – 88% responded “Every day”
View more information on this job

Hairdressers, Hairstylists, and Cosmetologists

Provide beauty services, such as cutting, coloring, and styling hair, and massaging and treating scalp. May shampoo hair, apply makeup, dress wigs, remove hair, and provide nail and skincare services.

Sample of reported job titles:

Beautician, Cosmetologist, Hair Dresser, Hair Stylist, Hairdresser, Hairstylist, Stylist

Tasks:

  • Keep work stations clean and sanitize tools, such as scissors and combs.
  • Bleach, dye, or tint hair, using applicator or brush.
  • Cut, trim and shape hair or hairpieces, based on customers’ instructions, hair type, and facial features, using clippers, scissors, trimmers and razors.
  • Schedule client appointments.
  • Update and maintain customer information records, such as beauty services provided.

Detailed Work Activities:

  • Clean facilities or work areas.
  • Clean tools or equipment.
  • Apply solutions to hair for therapeutic or cosmetic purposes.
  • Groom wigs or hairpieces.
  • Trim client hair.

Work Context:

  • Spend Time Using Your Hands to Handle, Control, or Feel Objects, Tools, or Controls – 100% responded “Continually or almost continually”
  • Telephone – 99% responded “Every day”
  • Face-to-Face Discussions – 94% responded “Every day”
  • Contact With Others – 91% responded “Constant contact with others”
  • Freedom to Make Decisions – 83% responded “A lot of freedom”
View more information on this job

Human Resources Assistants, Except Payroll and Timekeeping

Compile and keep personnel records. Record data for each employee, such as address, weekly earnings, absences, amount of sales or production, supervisory reports, and date of and reason for termination. May prepare reports for employment records, file employment records, or search employee files and furnish information to authorized persons.

Sample of reported job titles:

Human Resources Administrative Assistant (HR Administrative Assistant), Human Resources Assistant (HR Assistant), Human Resources Associate (HR Associate), Personnel Clerk

Tasks:

  • Process, verify, and maintain personnel related documentation, including staffing, recruitment, training, grievances, performance evaluations, classifications, and employee leaves of absence.
  • Record data for each employee, including such information as addresses, weekly earnings, absences, amount of sales or production, supervisory reports on performance, and dates of and reasons for terminations.
  • Interview job applicants to obtain and verify information used to screen and evaluate them.
  • Explain company personnel policies, benefits, and procedures to employees or job applicants.
  • Process and review employment applications to evaluate qualifications or eligibility of applicants.

Detailed Work Activities:

  • Record personnel information.
  • Interview employees, customers, or others to collect information.
  • Explain regulations, policies, or procedures.
  • Administer personnel recruitment or hiring activities.
  • Administer compensation or benefits programs.

Work Context:

  • Electronic Mail – 100% responded “Every day”
  • Telephone – 93% responded “Every day”
  • Contact With Others – 91% responded “Constant contact with others”
  • Importance of Being Exact or Accurate – 76% responded “Extremely important”
  • Work With Work Group or Team – 69% responded “Extremely important”
View more information on this job

Insurance Claims and Policy Processing Clerks

Process new insurance policies, modifications to existing policies, and claims forms. Obtain information from policyholders to verify the accuracy and completeness of information on claims forms, applications and related documents, and company records. Update existing policies and company records to reflect changes requested by policyholders and insurance company representatives.

Sample of reported job titles:

Claims Adjudicator, Claims Analyst, Claims Clerk, Claims Customer Service Representative (Claims CSR), Claims Processor, Claims Representative (Claims Rep), Claims Technician (Claims Tech), Insurance Analyst, Policy Analyst, Underwriting Assistant

Tasks:

  • Prepare insurance claim forms or related documents, and review them for completeness.
  • Pay small claims.
  • Calculate amount of claim.
  • Post or attach information to claim file.
  • Transmit claims for payment or further investigation.

Detailed Work Activities:

  • Check data for recording errors.
  • Prepare documentation for contracts, transactions, or regulatory compliance.
  • Execute sales or other financial transactions.
  • Calculate costs of goods or services.
  • Compile data or documentation.

Work Context:

  • Electronic Mail – 100% responded “Every day”
  • Spend Time Sitting – 91% responded “Continually or almost continually”
  • Telephone – 83% responded “Every day”
  • Importance of Being Exact or Accurate – 65% responded “Extremely important”
  • Importance of Repeating Same Tasks – 59% responded “Extremely important”
View more information on this job

Legal Secretaries and Administrative Assistants

Perform secretarial duties using legal terminology, procedures, and documents. Prepare legal papers and correspondence, such as summonses, complaints, motions, and subpoenas. May also assist with legal research.

Sample of reported job titles:

Confidential Secretary, Legal Administrative Assistant (Legal Admin Assistant), Legal Administrator (Legal Admin), Legal Coordinator, Legal Management Assistant, Legal Office Support Assistant, Legal Practice Assistant, Legal Secretary, Litigation Secretary, Magistrate Assistant

Tasks:

  • Organize and maintain law libraries, documents, and case files.
  • Mail, fax, or arrange for delivery of legal correspondence to clients, witnesses, and court officials.
  • Prepare and distribute invoices to bill clients or pay account expenses.
  • Prepare, proofread, or process legal documents, such as summonses, subpoenas, complaints, appeals, motions, or pretrial agreements.
  • Make photocopies of correspondence, documents, and other printed matter.

Detailed Work Activities:

  • Record information about legal matters.
  • Send information, materials or documentation.
  • Prepare documentation for contracts, transactions, or regulatory compliance.
  • Proofread documents, records, or other files to ensure accuracy.
  • Prepare legal documents.

Work Context:

  • Electronic Mail – 100% responded “Every day”
  • Importance of Being Exact or Accurate – 67% responded “Extremely important”
  • Contact With Others – 61% responded “Constant contact with others”
  • Telephone – 67% responded “Every day”
  • Importance of Repeating Same Tasks – 54% responded “Extremely important”
View more information on this job

Loan Interviewers and Clerks

Interview loan applicants to elicit information; investigate applicants’ backgrounds and verify references; prepare loan request papers; and forward findings, reports, and documents to appraisal department. Review loan papers to ensure completeness, and complete transactions between loan establishment, borrowers, and sellers upon approval of loan.

Sample of reported job titles:

Closer, Licensed Loan Officer Assistant, Loan Analyst, Loan Clerk, Loan Closer, Loan Originator, Loan Processor, Mortgage Broker, Mortgage Loan Processor, Mortgage Processor

Tasks:

  • Verify and examine information and accuracy of loan application and closing documents.
  • Assemble and compile documents for loan closings, such as title abstracts, insurance forms, loan forms, and tax receipts.
  • Record applications for loan and credit, loan information, and disbursements of funds, using computers.
  • Submit loan applications with recommendation for underwriting approval.
  • Contact customers by mail, telephone, or in person concerning acceptance or rejection of applications.

Detailed Work Activities:

  • Verify accuracy of financial or transactional data.
  • Compile data or documentation.
  • Maintain financial or account records.
  • Prepare documentation for contracts, transactions, or regulatory compliance.
  • Provide notifications to customers or patrons.

Work Context:

  • Telephone – 100% responded “Every day”
  • Contact With Others – 97% responded “Constant contact with others”
  • Indoors, Environmentally Controlled – 98% responded “Every day”
  • Deal With External Customers – 73% responded “Extremely important”
  • Importance of Being Exact or Accurate – 70% responded “Extremely important”
View more information on this job

Manicurists and Pedicurists

Clean and shape customers’ fingernails and toenails. May polish or decorate nails.

Sample of reported job titles:

Manicurist, Nail Technician (Nail Tech), Pedicurist

Tasks:

  • Clean and sanitize tools and work environment.
  • Apply undercoat and clear or colored polish onto nails with brush.
  • Maintain supply inventories and records of client services.
  • Shape and smooth ends of nails, using scissors, files, or emery boards.
  • Prepare nail cuticles with water and oil, using cuticle knives to push back cuticles and scissors or nippers to trim cuticles.

Detailed Work Activities:

  • Clean tools or equipment.
  • Treat nails by shaping, decorating, or augmenting.
  • Maintain client information or service records.
  • Maintain supply or equipment inventories.
  • Schedule appointments.

Work Context:

  • Exposed to Contaminants – 86% responded “Every day”
  • Physical Proximity – 63% responded “Very close (near touching)”
  • Spend Time Making Repetitive Motions – 62% responded “Continually or almost continually”
  • Contact With Others – 68% responded “Constant contact with others”
  • Indoors, Environmentally Controlled – 75% responded “Every day”
View more information on this job

Order Clerks

Receive and process incoming orders for materials, merchandise, classified ads, or services such as repairs, installations, or rental of facilities. Generally receives orders via mail, phone, fax, or other electronic means. Duties include informing customers of receipt, prices, shipping dates, and delays; preparing contracts; and handling complaints.

Sample of reported job titles:

Hub Associate, Materials Specialist, Order Analyst, Order Clerk, Order Entry Administrator (Order Entry Admin), Order Entry Representative (Order Entry Rep), Order Processing Clerk, Order Taker, Warehouse Clerk, Warehouse Person

Tasks:

  • Review orders for completeness according to reporting procedures and forward incomplete orders for further processing.
  • Obtain customers’ names, addresses, and billing information, product numbers, and specifications of items to be purchased, and enter this information on order forms.
  • Prepare invoices, shipping documents, and contracts.
  • Recommend merchandise or services that will meet customers’ needs.
  • Inspect outgoing work for compliance with customers’ specifications.

Detailed Work Activities:

  • Verify accuracy of financial or transactional data.
  • Obtain personal or financial information about customers or applicants.
  • Prepare documentation for contracts, transactions, or regulatory compliance.
  • Discuss goods or services information with customers or patrons.
  • Inspect items for damage or defects.

Work Context:

  • Indoors, Environmentally Controlled – 99% responded “Every day”
  • Electronic Mail – 78% responded “Every day”
  • Face-to-Face Discussions – 84% responded “Every day”
  • Telephone – 87% responded “Every day”
  • Structured versus Unstructured Work – 58% responded “Some freedom”
View more information on this job

Paralegals and Legal Assistants

Assist lawyers by investigating facts, preparing legal documents, or researching legal precedent. Conduct research to support a legal proceeding, to formulate a defense, or to initiate legal action.

Sample of reported job titles:

Immigration Paralegal, Law Associate, Legal Analyst, Legal Assistant, Legal Clerk, Legal Processing Assistant, Litigation Paralegal, Paralegal, Paralegal Specialist, Real Estate Paralegal

Tasks:

  • Prepare affidavits or other documents, such as legal correspondence, and organize and maintain documents in paper or electronic filing system.
  • Prepare, edit, or review legal documents, including legislation, briefs, pleadings, appeals, wills, contracts, and real estate closing statements.
  • Investigate facts and law of cases and search pertinent sources, such as public records and internet sources, to determine causes of action and to prepare cases.
  • Prepare for trial by performing tasks such as organizing exhibits.
  • Meet with clients and other professionals to discuss details of case.

Detailed Work Activities:

  • Maintain the order of legal documents.
  • Prepare legal documents.
  • Research relevant legal materials to aid decision making.
  • Meet with individuals involved in legal processes to provide information and clarify issues.
  • Confer with court staff to clarify information.

Work Context:

  • Electronic Mail – 100% responded “Every day”
  • Indoors, Environmentally Controlled – 97% responded “Every day”
  • Importance of Being Exact or Accurate – 79% responded “Extremely important”
  • Spend Time Sitting – 80% responded “Continually or almost continually”
  • Face-to-Face Discussions – 75% responded “Every day”
View more information on this job

Parts Salespersons

Sell spare and replacement parts and equipment in repair shop or parts store.

Sample of reported job titles:

Parts Advisor, Parts Consultant, Parts Counter Salesperson, Parts Counterman, Parts Counterperson, Parts Person, Parts Salesman, Parts Salesperson, Parts Specialist, Wholesale Parts Salesperson

Tasks:

  • Receive payment or obtain credit authorization.
  • Assist customers, such as responding to customer complaints and updating them about back-ordered parts.
  • Fill customer orders from stock, and place orders when requested items are out of stock.
  • Receive and fill telephone orders for parts.
  • Locate and label parts, and maintain inventory of stock.

Detailed Work Activities:

  • Process sales or other transactions.
  • Explain technical product or service information to customers.
  • Order materials, supplies, or equipment.
  • Take product orders from customers.
  • Monitor inventories of products or materials.

Work Context:

  • Contact With Others – 100% responded “Constant contact with others”
  • Work With Work Group or Team – 91% responded “Extremely important”
  • Deal With External Customers – 84% responded “Extremely important”
  • Telephone – 94% responded “Every day”
  • Freedom to Make Decisions – 63% responded “A lot of freedom”
View more information on this job

Payroll and Timekeeping Clerks

Compile and record employee time and payroll data. May compute employees’ time worked, production, and commission. May compute and post wages and deductions, or prepare paychecks.

Sample of reported job titles:

Payroll Assistant, Payroll Clerk, Payroll Coordinator, Payroll Representative, Payroll Specialist, Payroll Technician, Personnel Assistant, Personnel Technician, Timekeeper

Tasks:

  • Verify attendance, hours worked, and pay adjustments, and post information onto designated records.
  • Process and issue employee paychecks and statements of earnings and deductions.
  • Compute wages and deductions, and enter data into computers.
  • Prepare and file payroll tax returns.
  • Process paperwork for new employees and enter employee information into the payroll system.

Detailed Work Activities:

  • Verify employee information.
  • Execute sales or other financial transactions.
  • Calculate financial data.
  • Enter information into databases or software programs.
  • Prepare financial documents.

Work Context:

  • Importance of Being Exact or Accurate – 91% responded “Extremely important”
  • Face-to-Face Discussions – 83% responded “Every day”
  • Spend Time Sitting – 82% responded “Continually or almost continually”
  • Telephone – 72% responded “Every day”
  • Electronic Mail – 85% responded “Every day”
View more information on this job

Procurement Clerks

Compile information and records to draw up purchase orders for procurement of materials and services.

Sample of reported job titles:

Buyer, Procurement Assistant, Procurement Officer, Procurement Specialist, Purchasing Assistant, Purchasing Associate, Purchasing Clerk, Purchasing Coordinator, Purchasing Specialist, Warehouse Clerk

Tasks:

  • Track the status of requisitions, contracts, and orders.
  • Perform buying duties when necessary.
  • Prepare purchase orders and send copies to suppliers and to departments originating requests.
  • Calculate costs of orders, and charge or forward invoices to appropriate accounts.
  • Compare prices, specifications, and delivery dates to determine the best bid among potential suppliers.

Detailed Work Activities:

  • Maintain operational records.
  • Order materials, supplies, or equipment.
  • Prepare documentation for contracts, transactions, or regulatory compliance.
  • Send information, materials or documentation.
  • Calculate costs of goods or services.

Work Context:

  • Electronic Mail – 100% responded “Every day”
  • Telephone – 94% responded “Every day”
  • Importance of Being Exact or Accurate – 90% responded “Extremely important”
  • Contact With Others – 64% responded “Constant contact with others”
  • Importance of Repeating Same Tasks – 77% responded “Extremely important”
View more information on this job

Property, Real Estate, and Community Association Managers

Plan, direct, or coordinate the selling, buying, leasing, or governance activities of commercial, industrial, or residential real estate properties. Includes managers of homeowner and condominium associations, rented or leased housing units, buildings, or land (including rights-of-way).

Sample of reported job titles:

Apartment Manager, Community Association Manager, Community Manager, Lease Administration Supervisor, Leasing Manager, Occupancy Director, On-Site Manager, Property Manager, Real Estate Manager, Resident Manager

Tasks:

  • Prepare detailed budgets and financial reports for properties.
  • Manage and oversee operations, maintenance, administration, and improvement of commercial, industrial, or residential properties.
  • Plan, schedule, and coordinate general maintenance, major repairs, and remodeling or construction projects for commercial or residential properties.
  • Review rents to ensure that they are in line with rental markets.
  • Direct collection of monthly assessments, rental fees, and deposits and payment of insurance premiums, mortgage, taxes, and incurred operating expenses.

Detailed Work Activities:

  • Prepare financial documents, reports, or budgets.
  • Prepare operational budgets.
  • Direct facility maintenance or repair activities.
  • Direct organizational operations, projects, or services.
  • Manage construction activities.

Work Context:

  • Telephone – 95% responded “Every day”
  • Electronic Mail – 95% responded “Every day”
  • Face-to-Face Discussions – 84% responded “Every day”
  • Contact With Others – 75% responded “Constant contact with others”
  • Letters and Memos – 60% responded “Every day”
View more information on this job

Real Estate Brokers

Operate real estate office, or work for commercial real estate firm, overseeing real estate transactions. Other duties usually include selling real estate or renting properties and arranging loans.

Sample of reported job titles:

Broker, Broker Associate, Designated Broker, Managing Broker, Real Estate Associate, Real Estate Broker, Real Estate Sales Associate, Realtor

Tasks:

  • Sell, for a fee, real estate owned by others.
  • Obtain agreements from property owners to place properties for sale with real estate firms.
  • Act as an intermediary in negotiations between buyers and sellers over property prices and settlement details and during the closing of sales.
  • Supervise agents who handle real estate transactions.
  • Generate lists of properties for sale, their locations, descriptions, and available financing options, using computers.

Detailed Work Activities:

  • Contract real estate to clients.
  • Prepare sales or other contracts.
  • Negotiate prices or other sales terms.
  • Supervise sales or support personnel.
  • Obtain property information.

Work Context:

  • Telephone – 100% responded “Every day”
  • Electronic Mail – 100% responded “Every day”
  • Freedom to Make Decisions – 89% responded “A lot of freedom”
  • Structured versus Unstructured Work – 92% responded “A lot of freedom”
  • Face-to-Face Discussions – 82% responded “Every day”
View more information on this job

Real Estate Sales Agents

Rent, buy, or sell property for clients. Perform duties such as study property listings, interview prospective clients, accompany clients to property site, discuss conditions of sale, and draw up real estate contracts. Includes agents who represent buyer.

Sample of reported job titles:

Real Estate Agent, Real Estate Salesperson, Realtor, Realtor Associate, Sales Agent

Tasks:

  • Prepare documents such as representation contracts, purchase agreements, closing statements, deeds, and leases.
  • Present purchase offers to sellers for consideration.
  • Act as an intermediary in negotiations between buyers and sellers, generally representing one or the other.
  • Generate lists of properties that are compatible with buyers’ needs and financial resources.
  • Confer with escrow companies, lenders, home inspectors, and pest control operators to ensure that terms and conditions of purchase agreements are met before closing dates.

Detailed Work Activities:

  • Prepare sales or other contracts.
  • Negotiate prices or other sales terms.
  • Obtain property information.
  • Coordinate activities with suppliers, contractors, clients, or other departments.
  • Develop content for sales presentations or other materials.

Work Context:

  • Electronic Mail – 100% responded “Every day”
  • Telephone – 95% responded “Every day”
  • Contact With Others – 95% responded “Constant contact with others”
  • Level of Competition – 85% responded “Extremely competitive”
  • Face-to-Face Discussions – 72% responded “Every day”
View more information on this job

Sales and Related Workers, All Other

All sales and related workers not listed separately.

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Sales Representatives of Services, Except Advertising, Insurance, Financial Services, and Travel

Sell services to individuals or businesses. May describe options or resolve client problems.

Tasks:

  • Answer customers’ questions about services, prices, availability, or credit terms.
  • Attend sales or trade meetings or read related publications to obtain information about market conditions, business trends, regulations, or industry developments.
  • Compute and compare costs of services.
  • Consult with clients after sales or contract signings to resolve problems and provide ongoing support.
  • Contact prospective or existing customers to discuss how services can meet their needs.

Detailed Work Activities:

  • Answer customer questions about goods or services.
  • Monitor market conditions or trends.
  • Attend events to develop professional knowledge.
  • Assess the cost effectiveness of products, projects, or services.
  • Calculate costs of goods or services.
View more information on this job

Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Except Technical and Scientific Products

Sell goods for wholesalers or manufacturers to businesses or groups of individuals. Work requires substantial knowledge of items sold.

Sample of reported job titles:

Account Representative, Customer Account Technician, Inside Salesperson, Outside Sales Representative, Route Sales Representative, Sales Consultant, Sales Professional, Sales Representative (Sales Rep), Salesman, Salesperson

Tasks:

  • Negotiate with retail merchants to improve product exposure, such as shelf positioning and advertising.
  • Check stock levels and reorder merchandise as necessary.
  • Plan, assemble, and stock product displays in retail stores, or make recommendations to retailers regarding product displays, promotional programs, and advertising.
  • Answer customers’ questions about products, prices, availability, product uses, and credit terms.
  • Recommend products to customers, based on customers’ needs and interests.

Detailed Work Activities:

  • Negotiate prices or other sales terms.
  • Purchase stocks of merchandise or supplies.
  • Monitor inventories of products or materials.
  • Set up merchandise displays.
  • Stock products or parts.

Work Context:

  • Contact With Others – 100% responded “Constant contact with others”
  • Telephone – 100% responded “Every day”
  • Work With Work Group or Team – 92% responded “Extremely important”
  • Deal With External Customers – 92% responded “Extremely important”
  • Electronic Mail – 80% responded “Every day”
View more information on this job

Secretaries and Administrative Assistants, Except Legal, Medical, and Executive

Perform routine administrative functions such as drafting correspondence, scheduling appointments, organizing and maintaining paper and electronic files, or providing information to callers.

Sample of reported job titles:

Administrative Assistant (Admin Assistant), Administrative Clerk, Administrative Secretary (Admin Secretary), Administrative Specialist (Admin Specialist), Administrative Support Assistant (ASA), Administrative Technician, Department Secretary, Office Assistant, Secretary, Staff Assistant

Tasks:

  • Answer telephones and give information to callers, take messages, or transfer calls to appropriate individuals.
  • Greet visitors or callers and handle their inquiries or direct them to the appropriate persons according to their needs.
  • Create, maintain, and enter information into databases.
  • Use computers for various applications, such as database management or word processing.
  • Perform payroll functions, such as maintaining timekeeping information and processing and submitting payroll.

Detailed Work Activities:

  • Answer telephones to direct calls or provide information.
  • Discuss account status or activity with customers or patrons.
  • Refer customers to appropriate personnel.
  • Greet customers, patrons, or visitors.
  • Enter information into databases or software programs.

Work Context:

  • Telephone – 93% responded “Every day”
  • Contact With Others – 87% responded “Constant contact with others”
  • Electronic Mail – 93% responded “Every day”
  • Face-to-Face Discussions – 79% responded “Every day”
  • Work With Work Group or Team – 62% responded “Extremely important”
View more information on this job

Skincare Specialists

Provide skincare treatments to face and body to enhance an individual’s appearance. Includes electrologists and laser hair removal specialists.

Sample of reported job titles:

Aesthetician, Clinical Esthetician, Esthetician, Facialist, Medical Esthetician, Skin Care Specialist, Skin Care Technician, Skin Care Therapist, Spa Technician

Tasks:

  • Sterilize equipment and clean work areas.
  • Examine clients’ skin, using magnifying lamps or visors when necessary, to evaluate skin condition and appearance.
  • Cleanse clients’ skin with water, creams, or lotions.
  • Demonstrate how to clean and care for skin properly and recommend skin-care regimens.
  • Select and apply cosmetic products, such as creams, lotions, and tonics.

Detailed Work Activities:

  • Clean facilities or work areas.
  • Clean tools or equipment.
  • Assess skin or hair conditions.
  • Apply cleansing or conditioning agents to client hair, scalp, or skin.
  • Demonstrate activity techniques or equipment use.

Work Context:

  • Physical Proximity – 97% responded “Very close (near touching)”
  • Face-to-Face Discussions – 72% responded “Every day”
  • Freedom to Make Decisions – 63% responded “A lot of freedom”
  • Indoors, Environmentally Controlled – 89% responded “Every day”
  • Work With Work Group or Team – 55% responded “Very important”
View more information on this job

Tax Preparers

Prepare tax returns for individuals or small businesses.

Sample of reported job titles:

Certified Income Tax Preparer (CTP), Corporate Tax Preparer, Enrolled Agent, Income Tax Preparer, Tax Advisor, Tax Associate, Tax Consultant, Tax Preparer, Tax Professional, Tax Specialist

Tasks:

  • Use all appropriate adjustments, deductions, and credits to keep clients’ taxes to a minimum.
  • Compute taxes owed or overpaid, using adding machines or personal computers, and complete entries on forms, following tax form instructions and tax tables.
  • Interview clients to obtain additional information on taxable income and deductible expenses and allowances.
  • Review financial records, such as income statements and documentation of expenditures to determine forms needed to prepare tax returns.
  • Prepare or assist in preparing simple to complex tax returns for individuals or small businesses.

Detailed Work Activities:

  • Calculate tax information.
  • Interview clients to gather financial information.
  • Examine financial records.
  • Verify accuracy of records.
  • Advise others on financial matters.

Work Context:

  • Spend Time Sitting – 82% responded “Continually or almost continually”
  • Importance of Being Exact or Accurate – 77% responded “Extremely important”
  • Telephone – 68% responded “Every day”
  • Electronic Mail – 64% responded “Every day”
  • Face-to-Face Discussions – 57% responded “Every day”
View more information on this job

Tellers

Receive and pay out money. Keep records of money and negotiable instruments involved in a financial institution’s various transactions.

Sample of reported job titles:

Account Representative, Bank Teller, Branch Operations Specialist, Customer Relationship Specialist, Customer Service Associate (CSA), Financial Services Representative (FSR), Member Services Representative, Personal Banking Representative, Roving Teller, Teller

Tasks:

  • Balance currency, coin, and checks in cash drawers at ends of shifts and calculate daily transactions, using computers, calculators, or adding machines.
  • Receive checks and cash for deposit, verify amounts, and check accuracy of deposit slips.
  • Monitor bank vaults to ensure cash balances are correct.
  • Cash checks and pay out money after verifying that signatures are correct, that written and numerical amounts agree, and that accounts have sufficient funds.
  • Count currency, coins, and checks received, by hand or using currency-counting machine, to prepare them for deposit or shipment to branch banks or the Federal Reserve Bank.

Detailed Work Activities:

  • Calculate financial data.
  • Verify accuracy of financial or transactional data.
  • Collect deposits, payments or fees.
  • Execute sales or other financial transactions.
  • Prepare cash for deposit or disbursement.

Work Context:

  • Contact With Others – 96% responded “Constant contact with others”
  • Telephone – 88% responded “Every day”
  • Face-to-Face Discussions – 91% responded “Every day”
  • Electronic Mail – 87% responded “Every day”
  • Importance of Being Exact or Accurate – 82% responded “Extremely important”
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Specialized skills are specific to the occupation, or group of occupations, and represent job-specific competencies.

Technical skills refer to the specific software and technology regularly encountered on the job.

Employability skills (sometimes referred to as “common” or “soft” skills) are foundational skills that cross occupations and industries. Many common skills, like, communication and team work, are also considered soft skills.

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